阅读理解命题特点及解题技巧

戴剑国

阅读理解在高考英语试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。纵观近几年全国卷不难看出阅读理解的体裁多样，题材广泛。本文就阅读理解的考查题型进行分类，并结合高考试题着重谈谈阅读理解的题型例析及解题策略，希望对考生能有所帮助。

一、细节理解题

细节理解题考查考生对文章中具体信息的理解能力，包括了解语篇中的人物、时间、地点、事件、原因等特定细节的判断。

设题形式：

Which of the following is true/false except ...?

Which of the following is mentioned except ...?

What can we learn about ... in Paragraph 2?

According to the text, what’s the right order of the events?

解题方法：

此类试题通常以who, what, when, where, why, how等疑问词开头询问具体细节信息的问题，如新闻报道、广告信息、说明文等常常考查这些细节。这类试题的答案一般可以在文中直接或间接找到，但不可能与文中的阅读材料一模一样。要想获得正确答案，一定要忠实于原文，不能主观臆断。

典型例题1：

A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.（2022高考全国乙卷A篇）

1. How can full-time students get group discounts?

A. They should go on Sunday mornings.

B. They should come from art schools.

C. They must be led by teachers.

D. They must have ID cards with them.

【解析】本题询问How can full-time students get group discounts?（全日制学生如何获得团体折扣？）根据题干中的关键词full-time students可还原到最后一段A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.（所有接受全日制教育的学生，包括那些有老师有组织有第一学位的学生，都可以使用特别低的每人2英镑的入场费）。故答案选C。

典型例题2：

However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（2022高考全国乙卷D篇）

2. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?

A. Most alcoholic drinks.   B. Milk-based drinks.    

C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.

【解析】根据第五段However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax … 可知，可口可乐公司接受了糖税，而果汁、牛奶饮料和大多数酒精饮料都是免税的，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌，所以答案选D。

二、推理判断题

推理判断题考查考生对文中隐含意义或深层意义的理解能力，需要根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这类试题涵盖较广，除了信息的推断外，还包括作者的意图、观点或态度，以及写作目的等。

设题形式：

What can be inferred about ...?

What can we infer about the author from the text?

What can be concluded from the text?

What’s the author’s attitude toward ...?

What’s the purpose of this text?

解题方法：

首先，根据题干或选项确定考题所确定的信息来源区域是文本的某一段或几段，还是来自全文；其次，认真阅读信息来源区域，获取相关信息；再者，阅读选项，确认每个选项是否符合文本信息。这里需要注意的是，在符合文本信息的选项中，细节理解题的选项不是推理判断题的答案，同时，目标选项往往要符合文章主线，切忌用自己的观点代替作者的意图。

典型例题3：

They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.（2022高考全国乙卷B篇）

3. What can we learn about the girls from Paragraph 3?

A.They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.

C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.

【解析】根据第三段 … had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.以及In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.可知，两个女孩支教的地方生活条件异常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故答案选D。

典型例题4：

Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.（2022高考全国乙卷D篇）

4.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?

A.It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.

C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.

【解析】根据最后一段第一句Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.可知，糖税政策的实施，产生了积极的影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑，由此推断出该政策是成功的。故答案选B。

三、词义猜测题

词义猜测题考查考生根据上下文推断单词或短语含义的能力。这类试题可以是对某个单词或短语的释义推测，也可以是判断某个代词的指代对象。

设题形式：

What does the underlined word “ ... ” in Paragraph 1 mean?

What does the underlined phrase “ ... ” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

Whatdoes the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

解题方法：

此类试题需要通过上下文语境中的对比关系、类比关系、举例、下定义等方式判断单词或短语的具体含义；如果是指代题，就需要运用就近原则或逻辑一致性原则在前文中进行查找指代对象。

典型例题5：

That includes huge savings inmaintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.（2022高考全国乙卷C篇）

5.What does "maintenance" underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A.Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.

C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.

【解析】根据第三段第二句 … sending maintenance staff … to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.可知maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项Inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。故答案选C。

典型例题6：

Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.（2021年全国乙卷B篇）

6. What does the underlined word “concede” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark.

【解析】根据第三段中的according to a survey和a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket可知，根据一项调查，在澳大利亚仍使用座机的人中，三分之一的人承认座机并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障。故正确答案选A。

四、主旨大意题

主旨大意题考查考生理解文章主旨要义的能力或理解文章段落大意的能力, 这要求考生有较强的归纳和概括能力。

设题形式：

Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

What can be a suitable title for the text?

What is the main idea of the text?

What is the text mainly about?

What is the second paragraph mainly about？

解题方法：

此类试题包括全文主旨大意题和段落大意题。不同的语篇结构, 主旨呈现方式不同，阅读策略也会相应发生变化。考生应掌握不同语篇的结构特点，抓住文章首段（尾段）或段落首句（尾句）和语篇结构进行解题，找到文章的主旨句或段落的中心句，从而快速有效地理解文章和段落，把握文章主旨或段落大意，从而解决问题。

典型例题7：

Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.（2022高考全国乙卷C篇）

7. Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones

B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded

C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face

D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways

【解析】根据文章主题段第一段Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.（一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。）以及下文可知，文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，包括使铁路变得更安全、更可靠、更省钱等。故此题答案选D。

典型例题8：

These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.（2021高考全国乙卷B篇）

8. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?

A.Their target users.       B. Their wide popularity.

C. Their major functions.      D. Their complex design.

【解析】根据第二段中These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.（如今，在澳大利亚，你很难找到一个15岁以上的人没有手机。事实上，很多小孩都有一部手机。几乎每个人都可以在任何时间、任何地点接打电话。）可以判断出，本段主要谈论的是“手机广受欢迎”。故正确答案选B。

【作者简介】

戴剑国，正高级教师，江西省特级教师，从事高中英语教学30余年，担任英语教研组长近20年。荣获全国优秀外语教师、全国十佳名师工作室优秀主持人、江西省高中英语学科带头人、江西省中小学骨干教师、江西省中学生国际人文语言素养大会英语赛事（高中组）一等奖优秀指导老师、宜春市首届名师和宜春市政府学科带头人等荣誉称号。先后被吸收为江西省教育学会中学外语教学研究会和中国教育学会外语教学专业委员会会员，兼任江西省中小学教辅材料评议专家组成员、江西省教师培训专家库成员、江西教师网高中英语名师工作室主持人、宜春市中小学英语中心教研组核心成员、宜春市中高级专业技术资格评审委员会委员、丰城市中小学英语中心教研组组长、丰城市高中英语兼职教研员和丰城市教师培训兼职教师等职务。

先后在《中小学英语教学与研究》、《江西教育》、《云南教育》、《中国教师》、《英语教师》、《疯狂英语》、《英语学习》、《英语知识》、《英语沙龙》、《英语画刊》、《英语天地》、《英语考试向导》、《中学英语园地》、《中学英语之友》、《中学生英语读写》、《中学生英语》、《高中生之友》、《高考天地》、《教学考试》、《名校》、《中学英语报》、《学生双语报》、《学生英语报》、《英语辅导报》、《英语测试报》、《英语周报》、《学英语报》、《学生新报》、《学习报》等国家级和省级报刊发表专业论文或教辅文章500余篇，主编或参编中学英语教辅用书或工具书（词典）50余部，并有20余篇论文在全国及省市级优秀论文评选中获奖。主持或参与了10余项省级课题和国家级课题的实验研究工作，现均已结题，其中《新课程背景下高中英语写作教学有效策略的研究》课题被评为省级优秀重点课题。

2009年和2010年分别在江西师大和西南大学参加了江西省“国培计划——中小学骨干教师培训项目”和教育部“国培计划（2010）——全国中小学骨干教师研修项目”的研修学习，担任高中英语骨干教师培训班班长，并荣获了“全国中小学骨干教师培训班优秀学员”的称号。2010年受聘担任由江西省教育厅主办的江西省第二批中小学骨干教师培训项目英语教学团队授课教师，并在2010年高中英语骨干教师培训班上作了题为《新课程高中英语写作教学》的专题讲座；此外，还多次在江西省中小学（幼儿园）教师“国培计划”全员远程培训和信息技术应用能力提升远程培训举行YY专题讲座，深受学员好评。2015年和2016年分别被江西教师网“名师风采”专栏和《江西教育》封面栏目作过专题介绍。